This is for everyone whose parents said, "Sitting too close to the TV is going to ruin your eyes." In other words, pretty much all of us.
Sitting too close to the TV doesn't predict nearsightedness, according to a study that tracked the vision of thousands of children over 20 years. Nor does doing a lot of close work.
Instead, as early as age 6 a child's refractive error — the measurements used for an eyeglass prescription — best predicts the risk.
One-third of adults are nearsighted, and the problem typically develops between ages 8 and 12.
Children are not great about telling parents that they can't see the board in class, and the letter-chart screening tests used by schools and pediatricians are less than ideal, according to Karla Zadnik, dean of the College of Optometry at Ohio State University and lead author of the study. It was published Thursday in JAMA Ophthalmology.
"Just measuring how well they can read the chart won't capture that key piece of information," she says.
Zadnik began the study in California back in 1989, expanding it to include almost 5,000 ethnically diverse children around the United States. The children's eyes were measured regularly, and parents were quizzed on health and habits.
In this analysis, the researchers looked at 13 potential risk factors for nearsightedness, or myopia.
Having nearsighted parents increases the risk for myopia, the study found, but it's not as strong a predictor as is refractive error. Doing close work or watching TV close up weren't risk factors.
Earlier work by this group found that children who spent more time outdoors were less likely to be nearsighted, but it's unclear why that would be. One theory is that being exposed to sunlight or higher vitamin D levels could make a difference. The study was funded by the National Institutes of Health.
In the study, children whose refractive error was less than +0.75 diopters (which is slightly farsighted) in first grade were most likely to become nearsighted. As a child gets older that number drops, so that by sixth grade a child with no refractive error is at risk. Myopia is defined as a refractive error of -0.75 diopters or more.
Optometrists and ophthalmologists measure refractive error by changing lenses in front of a patient's eye and asking, "Which is better, 1 or 2?"
There's no way to prevent nearsightedness, but finding out if children are at risk could make it more likely that they'll not go through a year of school squinting at the board, Zadnik says.
"A parent might say, 'Oh, my child is at high risk, I want to be sure he's getting regular eye examinations,' " she says.
Children's eye exams are required to be covered under the Affordable Care Act, but the states differ on just what they're covering, so it pays to check.
Talking with Zadnik, you get the sense that she's happy to debunk some of those parental admonitions.
"I had a grandfather who was an optometrist," she says. "He used to tell me that at the end of every page I should look up at something across the room. I am very nearsighted."
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.